Resources

Environmental Laws & Regulations

Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC

We help our clients comply with the following federal and state environmental laws and regulations as they pertain to protecting plants, animals, or their habitats:

Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC

Federal Environmental Laws and Regulations

Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC

Endangered Species Act (7 U.S.C. § 136, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.)

Recognizing that native species of plants and wildlife are of “esthetic, ecological, educational, recreational, and scientific value to our Nation and its people,” and that some of those species were at risk of extinction, Congress passed the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1973....

Endangered Species Act (7 U.S.C. § 136, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.)

Recognizing that native species of plants and wildlife are of “esthetic, ecological, educational, recreational, and scientific value to our Nation and its people,” and that some of those species were at risk of extinction, Congress passed the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1973. The purpose of the ESA is to protect and recover imperiled species and their habitats. Such species are listed under the ESA as endangered (at risk of extinction in all or a significant portion of their range) or threatened (likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future). The ESA prohibits the take and trade of listed species, including their parts and products, except under the terms of a valid permit. Take, as defined by the ESA, means “to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, collect, or attempt to engage in any such conduct.” Take may include significant habitat modification or degradation if it kills or injures wildlife by significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns, including breeding, feeding, or sheltering. Take that is incidental to otherwise lawful activities may be permitted through Section 7 for federal actions (involving a “biological opinion” or concurrence letter) and through Section 10 for non-federal actions (involving a habitat conservation plan). The ESA also provides a framework for recovering listed species by designating critical habitat “when prudent and determinable” and developing species management plans. The ESA is administered by two federal agencies. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for terrestrial and freshwater organisms, and the National Marine Fisheries Service is responsible for marine organisms.

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Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. § 703 et seq.)

The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) was enacted in 1918 to end the commercial trade of birds and bird feathers that had decimated many local populations of wild birds by the early 20th century....

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. § 703 et seq.)

The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) was enacted in 1918 to end the commercial trade of birds and bird feathers that had decimated many local populations of wild birds by the early 20th century. The MBTA makes it unlawful to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill, possess, sell, purchase, barter, import, export, or transport any migratory bird, or any part, nest, or egg of any such bird, except by valid permit. Permits are issued for hunting game birds, including ducks, geese, doves, and some other birds during designated seasons. Permits also may be granted for various non-commercial activities involving wild birds and some commercial activities involving captive-bred birds. Exceptions (50 CFR 21.43) to the need for a permit are made for controlling blackbirds [except tricolored blackbird (Agelaius tricolor)], cowbirds, grackles, crows, and magpies “when found committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner as to constitute a health hazard or other nuisance.” Exceptions are also made for controlling horned larks (Eremophila alpestris), white-crowed sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys), and house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) that harm agricultural or horticultural interests in Fresno, Merced, Napa, and Sonoma Counties in California (50 CFR 21.44) and for controlling resident Canada geese (Branta canadensis) at airports and military airfields for public safety (50 CFR 21.49). The MBTA affirms or implements the commitment of the United States to international conventions with Canada (1916), Mexico (1936), Japan (1972), and Russia (1976) to protect a shared migratory bird resource. The MBTA covers more than 800 species of wild birds, including all species native to the United States and its territories. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for enforcing the MBTA.

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Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC

Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (16 U.S.C. § 668-668d)

Originally the Bald Eagle Protection Act, this law was enacted in 1940 to protect the species selected as a national emblem of the United States. The act was amended in 1962 to include the golden eagle....

Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (16 U.S.C. § 668-668d)

Originally the Bald Eagle Protection Act, this law was enacted in 1940 to protect the species selected as a national emblem of the United States. The act was amended in 1962 to include the golden eagle. As amended, the Act prohibits take, possession, and commerce of bald and golden eagles and their parts, products, nests, or eggs, except by valid permit. Take is defined as “pursue, shoot, shoot at, poison, wound, kill, capture, trap, collect, molest, or disturb.” Disturb means agitating or bothering to the degree that causes, or is likely to cause, injury, a decrease in productivity, or nest abandonment. This law also prohibits human-induced alterations in the vicinity of previously used nest sites when eagles are not present if, upon the eagle’s return, it is disturbed as defined above. Take permits may be issued for conducting certain types of lawful activities such as scientific research, propagation, and Indian religious purposes. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for enforcing this act.

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Marine Mammal Protection Act (16 U.S.C. § 1361 et seq.)

Acknowledging that (1) marine mammals are resources of great international significance, (2) some species or stocks are in danger of extinction or depletion, (3) species or stocks should not be allowed to become....

Marine Mammal Protection Act (16 U.S.C. § 1361 et seq.)

Acknowledging that (1) marine mammals are resources of great international significance, (2) some species or stocks are in danger of extinction or depletion, (3) species or stocks should not be allowed to become depleted below “optimum sustainable populations”, (4) measures should be taken to replenish these species or stocks, and (5) our knowledge of the ecology and population dynamics of these animals was inadequate, Congress passed the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) in 1972. The MMPA prohibits hunting, harassing, capturing, or killing marine mammals in United States waters and by United States citizens on the high seas. It also prohibits importing marine mammals and their products. Permits may be issued for take incidental to commercial fishing, non-fishing activities, scientific research, and public display at licensed facilities such as aquaria and science centers. The National Marine Fisheries Service (which is charged with protecting whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals, and sea lions) and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (which is responsible for walrus, manatees, otters, and polar bears) share jurisdiction in enforcing the act and permitting exceptions.

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Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC
Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC

Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §1251 et seq.)

Congress passed the Clean Water Act (CWA) in 1972 following major amendments to the act’s precursor, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948....

Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §1251 et seq.)

Congress passed the Clean Water Act (CWA) in 1972 following major amendments to the act’s precursor, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948. The purpose of the CWA is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of waters of the United States by preventing pollution, improving wastewater treatment, and maintaining wetland integrity. This law establishes the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharge and water quality standards and outlaws discharges of any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters, unless by specific permit. Section 404 of the CWA serves to protect the nation’s waters and wetlands by regulating the discharge of fill material and preventing impairment of waters of the United States. Most discharges, those having minimal effects, can usually be permitted under a nationwide, regional, or state “general permit,” whereas those discharges having potentially significant impacts require an “Individual permit.” Under Section 401, all applicants for a general or individual permit must obtain State Water Quality Certification showing that the activity will comply with state water quality standards. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has primary jurisdictional authority for enforcing the act and permitting exceptions.

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National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq.)

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was enacted in 1970 in response to a growing public concern for the environment....

National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq.)

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was enacted in 1970 in response to a growing public concern for the environment. The effects on the environment associated with the construction of the Interstate Highway System in the late 1960s galvanized that concern, as did the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, the largest in the nation at the time. NEPA established a national policy for environmental responsibility by requiring all federal agencies to consider (1) the environmental impacts of their actions and (2) the reasonable alternatives to those actions. The NEPA process requires that the federal agency disclose the impacts of their proposed action by preparing a Categorical Exclusion (CE), an Environmental Assessment (EA) and Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI), or an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Record of Decision (ROD). NEPA also established the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), which serves to disclose environmental information, resolve environmental problems, foster intergovernmental coordination, and enhance public participation in planning and decision-making. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) oversees compliance with NEPA.

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Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC
Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (42 U.S.C. § 9601 et seq.)

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980, also known as Superfund, authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to respond to releases of hazardous substances that pose a danger to public health, welfare, and the environment. Under the law, the EPA is authorized to respond to uncontrolled and abandoned waste sites, accidents, spills, and emergencies and to force responsible parties to clean contamination and provide reimbursement to recover natural resource damages.

Oil Pollution Act (33 U.S.C. § 2701 et seq.)

The Exxon Valdez oil spill, which resulted in the release of 11 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, impelled Congress to pass the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990....

Oil Pollution Act (33 U.S.C. § 2701 et seq.)

The Exxon Valdez oil spill, which resulted in the release of 11 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, impelled Congress to pass the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990. OPA improved the ability and authority of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to prevent, respond to, and recover natural resource damages from catastrophic oil spills. The law established the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, which provides up to $1 billion per incident for response and cleanup efforts. OPA outlines a framework for contingency planning at the national and local scale and also requires facilities that pose an environmental threat to draft contingency plans. The law outlines penalties for regulatory noncompliance. The EPA publishes regulations for above-ground facilities, while the Coast Guard does so for oil tankers. OPA also requires consultation with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service on developing fish and wildlife response and contingency plans and to conduct wildlife damage assessments.

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Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC

Coastal Zone Management Act (16 U.S.C. § 1451 et seq.)

Congress passed the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) in 1972 to “meet the challenge of continued growth in the coastal zone.”

Coastal Zone Management Act (16 U.S.C. § 1451 et seq.)

Congress passed the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) in 1972 to “meet the challenge of continued growth in the coastal zone.” CZMA established a voluntary national program that encourages states and tribes to preserve, protect, develop, restore, and enhance natural coastal resources including wetlands, floodplains, estuaries, beaches, dunes, barrier islands, coral reefs, and dependent fish and wildlife. Financial assistance is made available to any coastal state or tribe willing to develop and implement a coastal management plan. CZMA outlines three national programs, the National Coastal Zone Management Plan, National Estuarine Research Reserve System, and Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Programs. These programs help balance competing needs, create field laboratories, and provide funds for the acquisition of threatened lands. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) administers the CZMA.

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Federal Noxious Weed Act (7 U.S.C. § 2801 et seq.)

Congress passed the Federal Noxious Weed Act (FNWA) in 1974 to control the spread of noxious weeds on federal lands. The law grants the United States Secretary of Agriculture the power to designate plants as noxious weeds; prohibit interstate and foreign commerce of noxious weeds; inspect, seize, and destroy noxious weeds; and quarantine areas to prevent the spread of noxious weeds. FNWA also requires all federal land management agencies to develop, coordinate, and fund a noxious weed management program on their lands. These agencies must also complete and implement cooperative agreements to control noxious plant species.

Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC
Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC

The Sikes Act (16 U.S.C. §670)

The Sikes Act became law in 1960. It requires the Department of Defense to develop and implement Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans (INRMPs) that provide for the conservation and enhancement of natural resources on military lands while allowing those lands to continue to meet the needs of military operations. INRMPS are prepared cooperatively with federal and state natural resource agencies and reflect the agreement of all parties concerning conservation, protection, and management of natural resources.

California Environmental Laws and Regulations

California Environmental Quality Act (P.R.C. § 21000 et seq.)

The California legislature enacted the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) in 1970. CEQA was intended to establish a statewide policy on environmental protection that would compliment the National...

California Environmental Quality Act (P.R.C. § 21000 et seq.)

The California legislature enacted the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) in 1970. CEQA was intended to establish a statewide policy on environmental protection that would compliment the National Environmental Policy Act, which Congress passed earlier that same year. CEQA requires state and local agencies to publically disclose the environmental impacts of their discretionary actions before committing to them. It also requires that those agencies avoid and minimize, when feasible, any significant environmental impacts of those discretionary actions. CEQA provides a framework for evaluating and disclosing significant environmental impacts by preparing detailed documents including an Initial Study, Negative Declaration, Mitigated Negative Declaration, and/or an Environmental Impact Report. The intended goals of CEQA review are to prevent or minimize environmental damage by developing project alternatives and mitigation measures while promoting public involvement and interagency participation. The public enforces CEQA, as necessary, through litigation or the threat of litigation.

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Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act (C.W.C. § 13000 et. sec.)

The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act was established in 1969 and entrusts the State Water Resources Control Board and nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards....

Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act (C.W.C. § 13000 et. sec.)

The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act was established in 1969 and entrusts the State Water Resources Control Board and nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards (collectively Water Boards) with the responsibility to preserve and enhance all beneficial uses of California’s diverse waters. The Act grants the Water Boards authority to establish water quality objectives and regulate point- and non-point-source pollution discharge to the State’s surface and ground waters. Under the auspices of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the Water Boards are responsible for certifying, under Section 401 of the federal Clean Water Act, that activities affecting waters of the United States comply with California water quality standards. The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act addresses all “waters of the State,” which are more broadly defined than waters of the United States. Waters of the State include any surface water or groundwater, including saline waters, within the boundaries of the state. They include artificial as well as natural water bodies and federally jurisdictional and federally non-jurisdictional waters. The Water Boards may issue a Waste Discharge Requirement permit for projects that will affect only federally non-jurisdictional waters of the State.

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Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975 (P.R.C. § 2710 et seq.)

California’s Surface Mining and Reclamation Act (SMARA) of 1975 is implemented by the California Department of Conservation, Office of Mine Reclamation. The Act was established to provide the State regulatory authority over surface mining operations and develop a nexus under which environmental damage due to mining could be remediated. Specifically, the Act ensures that adverse environmental impacts resulting from surface mining operations are minimized, and mined lands are reclaimed to a usable condition. The Act also encourages the production and protection of the State’s mining resources.

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Native Plant Protection Act (F.G.C. § 1900 et seq.)

California’s Native Plant Protection Act (NPPA) was established in 1977. It allows the Fish and Game Commission to designate plants as rare or endangered. The NPPA prohibits the take of endangered or rare native plants with certain exceptions: agricultural and nursery operations, emergencies, and after proper notification of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, for vegetation removal from previously disturbed areas such as roads and canals. Currently, there are 64 species, subspecies, and varieties protected as Rare under the NPPA.

Natural Community Conservation Planning Act (F.G.C. § 2800 et seq.)

California’s Natural Community Conservation Planning Act (NCCPA) was established in 1991 as a voluntary, broad-based planning framework that considers the need to protect and conserve California’s wildlife and natural habitats while also allowing appropriate, reasonable economic development to occur. The NCCPA encourages collaboration of federal, state, and local governments and private entities to work together to maintain the viability of natural communities and promote a greater sensitivity of California’s critical biodiversity.

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California Endangered Species Act (F.G.C. § 2050 et seq.)

The California Endangered Species Act (CESA) was enacted in 1970 in response to mounting concern about the decline of wildlife species in California. With the Act, California became the first state to prohibit....

California Endangered Species Act (F.G.C. § 2050 et seq.)

The California Endangered Species Act (CESA) was enacted in 1970 in response to mounting concern about the decline of wildlife species in California. With the Act, California became the first state to prohibit taking, possessing, importing, exporting, and selling rare and endangered species. CESA even preceded the federal Endangered Species Act. In its current form, CESA protects or preserves all native species of plants and wildlife listed by the California Fish and Game Commission as threatened or endangered or as candidates for such listing. The legislation allows the State to acquire land on which to protect, enhance, and restore habitat for such plants and animals. Take is defined under CESA to mean, “hunt, pursue, catch, capture, or kill, or attempt” to do any such action. Unlike the definition of take under the federal act, the definition under CESA does not include the terms harm (i.e., indirect effects resulting from habitat modification) or harass. CESA allows for incidental take of listed and candidate species by a valid permit. Authorized take must be fully mitigated. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife administers and enforced CESA.

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Other Relevant Sections of the California Fish and Game Code

Section 1602.

This section pertains to streambed or channel alteration and states that an entity may not substantially divert or obstruct the natural flow of, or substantially change or use any material from the bed, channel, or bank of any river, stream, or lake, or dispose of debris, waste, or other material containing crumbled, flaked, or ground pavement where it may pass into any river, stream or lake. For a project to gain permission to work in any waterway regulated by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), written notification to the CDFW is required, which specifically describes the project and sufficiently outlines the anticipated extent of environmental disturbance.

Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC
Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC

Section 3503.

This section specifically addresses impacts on birds. It states that it is unlawful to take, possess, or needlessly destroy the nest or eggs of any bird. Typically, if a qualified biologist determines that a project could impact nesting birds, avoidance and mitigation measures are recommended to reduce or eliminate potential negative impacts from project activities.

Section 3503.5.

This section specifically pertains to raptors or birds-of-prey. It states that it is unlawful to take, possess, or destroy any birds in the order Falconiformes or Stigiformes (birds-of-prey) or to take, possess, or destroy the nest or eggs of any such bird. Mitigation measures such as disturbance-free buffers are typically used to avoid project-related impacts to these species.

Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC
Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC

Section 3511.

This section addresses “fully protected” bird species. These are species for which no take is permitted other than take for scientific research....

Section 3511.

This section addresses “fully protected” bird species. These are species for which no take is permitted other than take for scientific research. This section states that fully protected birds or parts thereof may not be taken or possessed at any time. Exceptions include permits granted under section 2080.1, which involve take permits obtained from either the Secretary of the Interior or Secretary of Commerce; and section 2835, which involves take-permits authorized under the Natural Communities Conservation Planning Act. Fully protected bird species in California include trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator), brown pelican (Pelicanus occidentalis californicus), California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), white-tailed kite (Elanus leucurus), southern bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), California black rail (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus), Ridgway’s rail (Rallus obsoletus), greater sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabida), California least tern (Sternula antillarum browni), and American peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum).

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Section 3513.

This section addresses protections for migratory birds. It states that it is unlawful to take or possess any migratory nongame bird as designated in the Migratory Bird Treaty Act or any part of such migratory nongame bird except as provided by rules and regulations adopted by the Secretary of the Interior under provisions of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

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Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC

Section 4500.

This section addresses take of marine mammals, stating that it is unlawful to take any marine mammal except in accordance with provisions of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 or provisions of Title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations or pursuant to subdivision (b) of this section. Subdivision (b) states that the Commission can assume jurisdiction over the regulation and take of marine mammals where federal laws and regulations permit. Marine mammals include the following species: sea otters, whales, dolphins, porpoises, seals, and sea lions.

Section 4700.

This section addresses “fully protected” mammal species. These are species for which no take is permitted other than take for scientific research. This section states that fully protected mammal species or parts....

Section 4700.

This section addresses “fully protected” mammal species. These are species for which no take is permitted other than take for scientific research. This section states that fully protected mammal species or parts thereof may not be taken or possessed at any time. Exceptions are provided in section 2081.7 involving take of species resulting from impacts attributable to the implementation of the Quantification Settlement Agreement, as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 1 of Chapter 617 of the Statutes of 2002; and section 2835 involving take permits authorized under the Natural Communities Conservation Planning Act. Fully protected mammal species in California include Morro Bay kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni morroensis), bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) (except Nelson’s bighorn sheep [O. c. nelsoni]), the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi), ring-tailed cat (Bassariscus astutus), Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica), salt-marsh harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys raviventris), southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis), and wolverine (Gulo gulo).

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Colibri Ecological Consulting LLC

Section 5050.

This section addresses “fully protected” reptiles and amphibians. These are species for which no take is permitted other than take for scientific research. This section states that fully protected amphibian....

Section 5050.

This section addresses “fully protected” reptiles and amphibians. These are species for which no take is permitted other than take for scientific research. This section states that fully protected amphibian and reptile species or parts thereof may not be taken or possessed at any time. Exceptions are provided in section 2081.7 which involves take of species resulting from impacts attributable to the implementation of the Quantification Settlement Agreement, as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 1 of Chapter 617 of the Statutes of 2002; section 2081.9 which involves take of limestone salamander (Hydromantes brunus) resulting from California Department of Transportation’s implementation of the Ferguson Slide Permanent Restoration Project on Highway 140; and section 2835 which involves take permits authorized under the Natural Communities Conservation Planning Act. Fully protected reptile and amphibian species include blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila), San Francisco garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia), Santa Cruz long-toes salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum), limestone salamander, and black toad (Anaxyrus exsul).

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Nothing is more priceless and worthy of preservation than the rich array of animal life with which our country has been blessed. It is a many-faceted treasure, of value to scholars, scientists, and nature lovers alike, and it forms a vital part of the heritage we all share as Americans.

— President Richard Nixon upon signing the Endangered Species Act of 1973 into law

Plants of the Southern San Joaquin Valley

For Aspiring Wildlife Biologists, Botanists, and Ecological Consultants

Resources for Aspiring Wildlife Biologists...

Publications

Adkins, J. Y., D. D. Roby, D. E. Lyons, K. N. Courtot, K. Collis, H. R. Carter, W. D. Shuford, and P. J. Capitolo. 2014. Recent population size, trends, and limiting factors for the double‐crested cormorant in western North America. Journal of Wildlife Management 78:1131–1142.

Ainley, D. G., J. A. Santora, P. J. Capitolo, J. C. Field, J. N. Beck, R. D. Carle, E. Donnelly-Greenan, G. J. McChesney, M. Elliott, R. W. Bradley, K. Lindquist, P. Nelson, J. Roletto, P. Warzybok, M. Hester, and J. Jahncke. 2018. Ecosystem-based management affecting Brandt’s Cormorant resources and populations in the central California Current region. Biological Conservation 217:407–418.

Batavia, M., G. Nugyen, K. Harman, and I. Zucker. 2013. Hibernation patterns of Turkish hamsters: influence of sex and ambient temperature. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 183(2):269–277.

Becker, B. H., H. R. Carter, R. P. Henderson, A. M. Weinstein, and M. W. Parker. 2016. Status and monitoring of Ashy Storm-Petrels Oceanodroma homochroa at Point Reyes National Seashore, California, 2012–2015. Marine Ornithology 44:63–70.

Benscoter, A. M., J. S. Reece, R. F. Noss, L. A. Brandt, F. J. Mazzotti, S. Romañach, and J. I. Watling. 2013. Threatened and endangered subspecies with vulnerable ecological traits also have high susceptibility to sea level rise and habitat fragmentation. PLOS One 8: e70647.

Biddy, G. 2017. Blunt-nosed leopard lizard use of an agricultural crop for shade. Sonoran Herpetologist 30:15.

Briggs, K. T., K. F. Dettman, D. B. Lewis, and W. B. Tyler. 1984. Phalarope feeding in relation to autumn upwelling off California. Marine Birds, Their Feeding Ecology and Commercial Fisheries Relationships. Canadian Wildlife Service Special Publication. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, 51–63.

Briggs, K. T., D. B. Lewis, W. B. Tyler, G. L. Hunt Jr. 1981. Brown pelicans in southern California: habitat use and environmental fluctuations. Condor 83:1–15.

Briggs, K. T., W. B. Tyler, and D. B. Lewis. 1985. Comparison of ship and aerial surveys of birds at sea. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:405–411.

Briggs, K. T., W. B. Tyler, and D. B. Lewis. 1985. Aerial surveys for seabirds: methodological experiments. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:412–417.

Briggs, K. T., W. B. Tyler, and D. B. Lewis, and D. R. Carlson. 1982. Bird communities at sea off California: 1975 to 1983. Studies in Avian Biology No. 11. Cooper Ornithological Society.

Briggs, K. T., W. B. Tyler, D. B. Lewis, P. R. Kelly, and D. A. Croll. 1983. Brown Pelicans in central and northern California. Journal of Field Ornithology 54:353–373.

Brock, K. A., J. S. Reece, and L. M. Ehrhart. 2009. Effects of artificial beach nourishment on marine turtles: differences between loggerhead and green turtles. Restoration Ecology 17:297–307.

Burton, R. K. 1996. Single-nest exclosures to protect endangered California Least Terns from off-highway vehicle traffic. Master’s Thesis. San Jose State University.

Burton, R. K. 2000. Ecology of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) from the middle and late Holocene of California. Ph.D. Dissertation, U.C. Santa Cruz.

Burton, R. K., D. Gifford-Gonzalez, J. J. Snodgrass, and P. L. Koch. 2002. Isotopic tracking of prehistoric pinniped foraging and distribution along the central California coast: preliminary results, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 12:4–11s.

Burton R. K., and P. L. Koch. 1999. Isotopic tracking of foraging and long-distance migration in northeastern Pacific pinnipeds. Oecologia 119:578–585.

Burton, R. K., P. L. Koch, J. J. Snodgrass, and D. Gifford-Gonzalez. 1999. Broadening ecological perspectives: an isotopic study of Holocene fossil pinnipeds. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18(3) suppl.

Burton, R. K., J. J. Snodgrass, D. Gifford-Gonzalez, T. Guilderson, T. Brown, and P. L. Koch. 2001. Holocene changes in the ecology of northern fur seals: insights from stable isotopes and archaeofauna. Oecologia 128:107–115.

Burton, R. K., J. J. Snodgrass, D. Gifford-Gonzalez, and P. L. Koch. 1999. Variations in the migratory and reproductive ecology of Holocene northern fur seals: evidence from stable isotopes and archaeofauna. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Biennial Meeting of the Society for Marine Mammalogy.

Burton, R. K., J. J. Snodgrass, D. Gifford-Gonzalez, and P. L. Koch. 2000. The ecology of northern fur seals from the Holocene of California: evidence from stable isotopes and archaeofauna. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Applications of Stable Isotope Techniques to Ecological Studies.

Capitolo, P. 2009. Farallon Islands. In Encycolpedia of Islands, University of California Press, Berkeley, California.

Capitolo, P. J., H. R. Carter, D. L. Jaques, G. J. McChesney, W. R. McIver, T. W. Keeney, and G. Smith. 2012. Roosting patterns of Brown Pelicans at San Nicolas Island, 1972-2006. Waterbirds 35:443–452.

Capitolo, P. J., H. R. Carter, G. J. McChesney, and M. W. Parker. 2005. Common Murres prospecting within cormorant colonies in Del Norte and Humboldt Counties, California, 1996 to 2004. Northwestern Naturalist 86:144–150.

Capitolo, P. J., H. R. Carter, J. L. Yee, G. J. McChesney, M. W. Parker, R. J. Young, R. T. Golightly, and W. B. Tyler. 2019. Changes in breeding population sizes of Double-crested Cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus in the Humboldt Bay Area, California, 1924–2017. Marine Ornithology 47:115–126.

Capitolo, P. J., L. J. Jesus, A. B. Harper, A. M. Fish, and A. C. Hull. 2020. Fall migration of radio-tagged Broad-winged Hawks (Buto platypterus) in California. Wilson Journal of Ornithology 132:15–21.

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Clark, H. O., Jr. 1999. An animal track casting method using dolomite, sand, and spray adhesive. California Fish and Game 85:138–139.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2001. Use of a car alarm sequence in the Northern Mockingbird repertoire. California Fish and Game 87:115–116.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2003. Responses of San Joaquin kit foxes to an oil-gas well fire. California Fish and Game 89:102–105.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2004. Occurrence of California mule deer in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California. Transactions of the Western Section of The Wildlife Society 40:127–128.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2005. Aggressive behaviour exhibited by a San Joaquin kit fox, Vulpes macrotis mutica. Canadian Field-Naturalist 119:134.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2005. Otocyon megalotis. Mammalian Species 766:1–5.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2007. Marking of novel objects by kit fox. California Fish and Game 93:103–106.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2007. Hypothetical relationships between the San Joaquin kit fox, California grizzly bear, and gray wolf on the pre-European California landscape. Endangered Species Update 24:14–19.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2007. Use of spadefoot toads by western burrowing owls. Central Valley Bird Club Bulletin 10:51.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2008. Spea hammondii (Western Spadefoot Toad). Predation and use as burrow decorations. Herpetological Review 39:80–81.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2008. Common Chuckwalla (Sauromalus ater): Behavior. Sonoran Herpetologist 21:54.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2009. Predation and behavioral interactions between horned lizards and arid land foxes. Sonoran Herpetologist 22:6–7.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2009. Species at risk: Golden Eagle predation on arid-land foxes. Endangered Species Update 26:10–14.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2010. A review of anthropogenic-sourced cover items used by the Desert Night Lizard (Xantusia vigilis). Sonoran Herpetologist 23:23–24.

Clark, H.O., Jr. 2010. Herpetofauna of Mare Island, Solano County, California. Sonoran Herpetologist 23:127–129.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2011. The history of arid-land fox discoveries in North America. Archives of Natural History 38:300–312.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2011. Reptiles and amphibians as Loggerhead Shrike prey. Sonoran Herpetologist 24:20–22.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2011. Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) predation on a Pacific Gopher Snake (Pituophis catenifer catenifer). Sonoran Herpetologist 24:117–118.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2013. Western toads as wildlife ambassadors. FrogLog 21:54.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2014. Compilation of kit fox and swift fox literature. Western Wildlife 1:12–27.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2014. Encounter between a striped racer (Coluber lateralis) and a southern alligator lizard (Elgaria multicarinata). Sonoran Herpetologist 27:79.

Clark, H. O., Jr. 2017. Possible predation of a western burrowing owl by common ravens. Central Valley Bird Club Bulletin 20:65–69.

Clark, H. O. Jr. 2021. Local amphibians provide an educational opportunity: part II. Sonoran Herpetologist 34(1):21.

Clark, H. O., Jr., G. L. Biddy, and P. B. Alexander. 2019. Northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus oreganus) trapped in a tar seep near McKittrick, Kern County, California. Sonoran Herpetologist 32:35.

Clark, H. O., Jr., G. Biddy, T. Dayton, J. L. Dinsdale, and J. A. Estep. 2022. Swainson’s hawk use of utility poles and similar structures as nest sites. Central Valley Birds 25:61–72.

Clark, H. O., Jr., G. L. Biddy, and D. Lederer. 2022. Photographic documentation of blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila) reproductive behaviors. Sonoran Herpetologist 35:77–78.

Clark, H. O., Jr., B. L. Cypher, P. A. Kelly, D. F. Williams, and S. D. Clifton. 2002-2003. Use of a hair-sampling tube to detect the San Joaquin kit fox. Transactions of the Western Section of The Wildlife Society 38/39:29–30.

Clark, H. O., Jr., R. R. Duke, M. C. Orland, R. T. Golightly, and S. I. Hagen. 2007. The San Joaquin kit fox in north-central California: a review. Transactions of the Western Section of The Wildlife Society 43:27–36.

Clark, H. O., Jr., and J. R. Gworek. 2008. Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi (Valley Gartersnake). Habitat and behavior. Herpetological Review 39:474.

Clark, H. O., Jr., and S. I. Hagen. 2008. Notes on a Mount Lyell Salamander observed near Nevada Falls, Yosemite National Park, California. Sonoran Herpetologist 21:122-123.

Clark, H. O., Jr., and S. I. Hagen. 2013. Plestiodon gilberti (Gilbert’s Skink). Predation. Herpetological Review 44:681.

Clark, H. O., Jr., and S. I. Hagen. 2016. Notes on a Mount Lyell salamander observed near Nevada Falls, Yosemite National Park, California—Revisited ten years later. Sonoran Herpetologist 29:64.

Clark, H. O., Jr., and S. I. Hagen. 2017. Local amphibians provide an educational opportunity. Sonoran Herpetologist 30:17.

Clark, H. O., Jr., J. D. Murdoch, D. P. Newman, and C. Sillero-Zubiri. 2009. Vulpes corsac. Mammalian Species 832:1–8.

Clark, H. O., Jr., and D. P. Newman. 2012. Endangered birds: Comparing research effort on the specific and subspecific levels. Endangered Species Update 26:70–74.

Clark, H. O., Jr., D. P. Newman, S. I. Hagen. 2007. Analysis of San Joaquin kit fox element data within the California Natural Diversity Database: A case for data reliability. Transactions of the Western Section of The Wildlife Society 43:37–42.

Clark, H. O., Jr., D. P. Newman, J. D. Murdoch, J. Tseng, Z. H. Wang, and R. B. Harris. 2008. Vulpes ferrilata. Mammalian Species 821:1-6.

Clark, H. O., Jr., D. P. Newman, C. J. Randel, III, and M. D. Meyer. 2008. Temperature tests for diurnal live trapping shade configurations. Transactions of the Western Section of The Wildlife Society 44:1–3.

Clark, H. O., Jr., and M. C. Orland. 2008. Comparison of two camera trap systems for detection of American marten on a winter landscape. California Fish and Game 94:53–59.

Clark, H. O., Jr., and H. K. Pigage. 2014. New flea (Siphonaptera) record for the Heermann’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys heermanni), San Luis Obispo County, California. Western North American Naturalist 74:364–365.

Clark, H. O., Jr., H. K. Pigage, C. A. Wilkinson, and R. K. Burton. 2014. Ectoparasites on the giant kangaroo rat, Carrizo Plain National Monument, San Luis Opispo County, California. Western Wildlife 1:8–11.

Clark, H. O., Jr., and D. L. Plumpton. 2005. A simple one-way door design for passive relocation of western burrowing owls. California Fish and Game 91:286–289.

Clark, H. O., Jr., and R. M. Powers. 2015. Compilation of island fox literature. Western Wildlife 2:1–6.

Clark, H. O., Jr., R. M. Powers, K. L. Uschyk, and R. K. Burton. 2015. Observations of antagonistic and non-antagonistic interactions between the San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) and the American badger (Taxidea taxus). Southwestern Naturalist 60:106–110.

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Clark, H. O., Jr., H. S. Shellhammer, and S. D. Gaimari. 2006. Ectoparasites found on salt marsh harvest mice in the northern salt marshes of Grizzly Bay, California. California Fish and Game 92:52–54.

Clark, H. O., Jr., and R. A. Shields. 2012. Loggerhead shrike predation on the southern alligator lizard, common side-blotched lizard, and western fence lizard. Sonoran Herpetologist 25:132–133.

Clark, H. O., Jr., and N. R. Sisk. 2007. Predation of a western burrowing owl by an apparent prairie falcon. Central Valley Bird Club Bulletin 10:49–50.

Clark, H. O., Jr., G. D. Warrick, B. L. Cypher, P. A. Kelly, D. F. Williams, and D. E. Grubbs. 2005. Competitive interactions between endangered kit foxes and non-native red foxes. Western North American Naturalist 65:153–163.

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Pratihar, S., S. K. Dutta, M. Bhattacharya, and H. Clark. 2017. A mitogenomic exploration of the phylogeny and evolution of extant anurans. Russian Journal of Herpetology 24:163–166.

Randel, C. J., III, and H. O. Clark, Jr. 2007. Mojave Desert Sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes cerastes) behavior. Sonoran Herpetologist 20:96.

Randel, C. J., III, and H. O. Clark, Jr. 2008. Sex ratios of the white-tailed antelope ground squirrel (Ammospermophilus leucurus), Indian Wells Valley, San Bernardino County, California. Western North American Naturalist 68:526–529.

Randel, C. J., III, and H. O. Clark, Jr. 2010. Adult white-tailed antelope squirrel (Ammospermophilus leucurus) density, Indian Wells Valley, San Bernardino County, California. The Transactions of the Western Section of The Wildlife Society 46:21–24.

Randel, C. J., III, H. O. Clark, Jr., and S. I. Hagen. 2007. Mohave ground squirrel (Spermophilus mohavensis) body mass: A comparison of live-trapped individuals, published literature, and unpublished museum specimens. Endangered Species Update 24:72–74.

Randel, C. J., III, H. O. Clark, Jr., D. P. Newman, and T. P. Dixon. 2020. Environmental Impact Assessment and Habitat Conservation Plans. Pages 431–442 in: Nova J. Silvy, editor. The Wildlife Techniques Manual: Management, 8th edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Rauzon, M. J., M. L. Elliott, P. J. Capitolo, L. M. Tarjan, G. J. McChesney, J. P. Kelly, and H. R. Carter. 2019. Changes in abundance and distribution of nesting Double-crested Cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1975–2017. Marine Ornithology 47:127–138.

Reece, J. S. 2011. The incredible larvae of moray eels. Quest Magazine 12:25–27.

Reece, J. S. 2014. Evolutionary Relationships and Population Genetics of Moray Eels. Scholars Press, Germany. Pp. 102. ISBN 978-3-639-71649-8.

Reece, J. S., A. Alansari, H. M. Kalkvik, A. AlKindi, I.  Mahmoud, A. Al Kiyumi, A. Elshafie, M. P. Jensen, and C. L. Parkinson. 2016. A survey of the genetic diversity of the Loggerhead and Green Sea Turtles of Oman. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 54:104–117.

Reece, J. S., B. W. Bowen, and A. F. Larson. 2010. Molecular phylogenetics of moray eels (Muraenidae) demonstrates multiple origins of a shell-crushing jaw (Gymnomuraena, Echidna) and multiple colonizations of the Atlantic Ocean. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57:829–835.

Reece, J. S., B. W. Bowen, and A. Larson. 2011. Phylogeography of four moray eel species: long larval duration ensures ocean-wide genetic homogeneity despite variation in adult niche breadth. Marine Ecology Progress Series 437:269–277.

Reece, J. S., B. W. Bowen, K. Joshi, V. Goz, and A. Larson. 2010. Phylogeography of two moray eels indicates high dispersal throughout the Indo-Pacific. Journal of Heredity 101:391–402.

Reece, J. S., T. C. Castoe, and C. L. Parkinson. 2005. Historical perspectives on population genetics and conservation of three marine turtle species. Conservation Genetics 6:235–251.

Reece, J. S., L. M. Ehrhart, and C. L. Parkinson. 2006. Mixed stock analysis of juvenile loggerhead turtles in the Indian river lagoon and implications for marine turtle conservation planning. Conservation Genetics 7:345–352.

Reece, J. S., A. Watson, P. S. Daylander, C. K. Edwards, L. Geselbracht, M. K. LaPeyre, B. E. Tirpak, J. M. Tirpak, M. Woodrey. 2018. A multiscale natural community and species-level vulnerability assessment of the Gulf Coast, USA. PLOS One 13:e0199844.

Reece, J. S., and R. Mehta. 2013. The mechanisms underlying the evolution of elongation and large body size in moray eels (Muraenidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 109:861–875.

Reece, J. S., and R. F. Noss. 2014. A flexible tool for prioritizing species by conservation value and vulnerability to multiple threats. Natural Areas Journal 34:31–45.

Reece, J. S., and R. F. Noss. 2014. Investigating the effects of shoreline development and climate change on loggerhead nesting habits. Quest Magazine 15:12–15.

Reece, J. S., R. F. Noss, J. Oetting, T. Hoctor, T., and M. Volk. 2013. A vulnerability assessment of 300 species in Florida: threats from sea level rise, land-use, and climate change. PLOS One 8:e80658.

Reece, J. S., D. Passeri, L. M. Ehrhart, S. Hagen, A. Hays, C. Long, R. Noss, M. Bilskie, C. Sanchez, M. V. Schwoerer, B. Von-Holle, J. Weishampel, and S. Wolf. 2013. Sea level rise, land use, and climate change influence the distribution of loggerhead turtle nests at the largest USA rookery (Melbourne Beach, Florida). Marine Ecology Progress Series 493:259–274.

Reece, J. S., D. G. Smith, and E. Holm. 2010. The moray eels of the Anarchias cantonensis group (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae), with description of two new species. Copeia 3:421–430.

Richardson, W., P. Pyle, R. Burnett, and P. Capitolo. 2003. The occurrence and seasonal distribution of migratory birds on Southeast Farallon Island, 1968-1999. Western Birds 34:58–96.

Rogers, M. M., J. N. Davis, E. Pandolfino, and S. C. Rottenborn. 2009. Northern California: June-July 2008. North American Birds 63:650–654.

Rogers, M. M., J. N. Davis, E. Pandolfino, and S. C. Rottenborn. 2013. Northern California: June-July 2012. North American Birds 66:729–732.

Rogers, M. M., J. N. Davis, E. Pandolfino, and S. C. Rottenborn. 2014. Northern California: June-July 2013. North American Birds 67:645–649.

Rogers, M. M., J. N. Davis, E. Pandolfino, and S. C. Rottenborn. 2015. Northern California: June-July 2014. North American Birds 67:549–552.

Rojek, N. A., M. W. Parker, H. R. Carter, and G. J. McChesney. 2007. Aircraft and vessel disturbances to common murres Uria aalge at breeding colonies in central California, 1997-1999. Marine Ornithology 35: 61–69.

Rottenborn, S. C., M. M. Rogers, J. N. Davis, and E. Pandolfino. 2009. Northern California: March-May 2009. North American Birds 63:497–502.

Rottenborn, S. C., M. M. Rogers, J. N. Davis, and E. Pandolfino. 2010. Northern California: March-May 2010. North American Birds 64:493–497.

Rottenborn, S. C., M. M. Rogers, J. N. Davis, and E. Pandolfino. 2011. Northern California: March-May 2011. North American Birds 65:512–516.

Rottenborn, S. C., M. M. Rogers, J. N. Davis, and E. Pandolfino. 2012. Northern California: March-May 2012. North American Birds 66:551–554.

Rottenborn, S. C., M. M. Rogers, J. N. Davis, and E. Pandolfino. 2013. Northern California: March-May 2013. North American Birds 67:513–516.

Rottenborn, S. C., M. M. Rogers, J. N. Davis, and E. Pandolfino. 2015. Northern California: March-May 2014. North American Birds 68:422–425.

Rottenborn, S. C., M. M. Rogers, J. N. Davis, and E. Pandolfino. 2016. Northern California: March-July 2015. North American Birds 69:482–489.

Schumacher, E. L., B. D. Owens, T. A. Uyeno, A. J. Clarke, and J. S. Reece. 2017. No support for Heincke’s law in hagfish (Myxinidae): lack of an association between body size and depth of species occurrence. Journal of Fish Biology 91:545–557.

Schumacher, E. L., and J. S. Reece. 2016. Most studies of sea turtles and climate change are models of what might happen—we should instead focus on studying what has happened. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 54:118–130.

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Smith, D. A., K. Ralls, B. L. Cypher, H. O. Clark, Jr., P. A. Kelly, D. F. Williams, and J. E. Maldonado. 2006. Relative abundance of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) based on scat-detection dog surveys. Southwestern Naturalist 51:210–219.

Stys, B., T. Foster, M. M. P. B. Fuentes, B. Glazer, K. Karish, N. Montero, and J. S. Reece. 2017. Climate Change Impacts of Florida’s Biodiversity and Ecology. In Florida’s Climate: Changes, Variations, & Impacts (E. Chassignet, ed). Florida Climate Institute, Tallahassee, FL. Florida Climate Institute, Gainesville, FL.

Tucker, S. L., J. S. Reece, T. S. Ream, and C. S. Pikaard. 2011. Evolutionary history of plant multisubunit RNA Polymerases IV and V: Subunit origins via genome-wide and segmental gene duplications, retrotransposition, and lineage-specific subfunctionalization. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 75:285–297.

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Tyler, W. B., R. G. Ford, J. Davis, L. Henkel, B. Keitt, and P. Kelly. 2002. Use of aerial surveys in oil spill response. Pacific Seabirds 29:68.

Tyler, W. B., D. B. Lewis, and D. R. Carlson. 1987. Bird communities at sea off California: 1975 to 1983. Studies in Avian Biology No. 11.

Warrick, G. D., H. O. Clark, Jr., P. A. Kelly, D. F. Williams, and B. L. Cypher. 2007. Use of agricultural lands by San Joaquin kit foxes. Western North American Naturalist 67:270–277.

Warzybok, P., J. A. Santora, D. G. Ainley, R. W. Bradley, J. C. Field, P. J. Capitolo, R. D. Carle, M. Elliott, J. N. Beck, G. J. McChesney, M. M. Hester, and J. Jahncke. 2018. Prey switching and consumption by seabirds in the central California Current upwelling ecosystem: Implications for forage fish management. Journal of Marine Systems 185:25–39.

Watson, A., J. Reece, B. E. Tirpak, C. K. Edwards, L. Geselbracht, M. Woodrey, M. K. La Peyre, and P. S. Dalyander. 2017. The Gulf Coast Vulnerability Assessment: Mangrove, Tidal Emergent Marsh, Barrier Islands, and Oyster Reef. Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Research Bulletin WFA421, Mississippi State University. 100pp.

Woods, G., and H. O. Clark, Jr. 2015. Plestiodon gilberti (Gilbert’s Skink). Predation. Herpetological Review 46:259–260.

Woods, G., H. Nadel, H. O. Clark, Jr., and S. I. Hagen. 2009. Birds foraging on Jerusalem crickets, with recent observations in the Central Valley, California. Central Valley Bird Club Bulletin 12:17–22.